Abstract The relationship between chromosomal and morphological variation in mammals is poorly understood. We analyzed the cranial size and shape variation in Ctenomys lami concerning to the geographic variation in their chromosome numbers. This subterranean rodent occurs in a narrow range of sand-dunes in the Coastal Plain of southern Brazil. This species presents a high karyotypic variation with diploid numbers varying from 2n = 54 to 2n = 58, involving the fission and fusion of chromosome pairs 1 and 2. Due to different chromosome rearrangement frequencies along their geographic distribution, four karyotypic blocks were proposed. This study, explored cranium shape and size variation in geographical, chromosomal polymorphism, and chromosome rearrangements contexts to test whether the four karyotypic blocks reflect morphologically distinct units. For this, we measured 89 craniums using geometric morphometrics and used uni and multivariate statistics to discriminate the predicted groups and test for an association among chromosomal and morphological variation. Our results show the size and shape of sexual dimorphism, with males larger than females, and support the existence of four karyotypic blocks for Ctenomys lami based on morphological variation. However, our results do not support a direct relationship between chromosomal and cranial morphological variation in C. lami.

Abstract In order to monitor the effects of anthropogenic pressures in ecosystems, molecular techniques can be used to characterize species composition. Among molecular markers capable of identifying species, the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) is the most used. However, new possibilities of biodiversity profiling have become possible, in which molecular fragments of medium and short-length can now be analyzed in metabarcoding studies. Here, a survey of fishes from the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago was barcoded using the COI marker, which allowed the identification of 21 species. This paved the way to further investigate the fish biodiversity of the archipelago, transitioning from barcoding to metabarcoding analysis. As preparatory steps for future metabarcoding studies, the first extensive COI library of fishes listed for these islands was constructed and includes new data generated in this survey as well as previously available data, resulting in a final database with 9,183 sequences from 169 species and 63 families of fish. A new primer specifically designed for those fishes was tested in silico to amplify a region of 262 bp. The new approach should guarantee a reliable surveillance of the archipelago and can be used to generate policies that will enhance the archipelago’s protection.

RESUMO Objetivo Explorar publicações cientificas acerca do uso da terapia gênica na Odontologia. Métodos Foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico com artigos dos últimos dez anos disponíveis em plataformas online que continham maior correlação com o temaproposto. Resultados Desde os anos 60 pesquisadores tentam estabelecer diretrizes para tratamentos com a terapia gênica, no entanto, somente em meados dos anos 90 o seu uso na ciência foi autorizado. A terapia gênica em odontologia tem a capacidade de alterar e melhorar geneticamente, através de células-tronco em tecidos dentais e sua associação a vetores viras recombinados, protocolos terapêuticos contra enfermidades que não tem resposta aos tratamentos convencionais. Conclusão A perspectiva da odontologia diante deste recurso tem sido positiva, principalmente no reestabelecimento e regeneração de tecidos em patologias pulpares, periodopatias, distúrbios ósseos, dores orofaciais entre outros. Sabe-se que esta terapia ainda requer muitas pesquisas, entretanto em um futuro próximo poderá ser um tratamento de primeira escolha e de forma segura nos ambientes hospitalares e ambulatoriais.

ABSTRACT Objective Explore scientific publications on the use of gene therapy in dentistry. Methods A bibliographic survey was carried out with articles published in the last eleven years, available on online platforms that had the highest correlation to the proposed theme. Results Since the 1960s, researchers have attempted to establish guidelines for treatments using gene therapy; however, it was only in the mid-1990s that their use in science was authorized. Gene therapy in dentistry has the ability to alter and improve genetically, through stem cells in dental tissues associated with recombinant viral vectors, therapeutic protocols against diseases that do notrespond to conventional treatments. Conclusion The perspectives of dentistry concerning this resource have been positive, mainly in the reestablishment and regeneration of tissues in pulp pathologies, periodontopathies, bone disorders, orofacial pain among others. It is known that this form of therapy still requires more research, however, in the near future, it may be a safe first option treatment in hospital and outpatient settings.

Abstract The order Charadriiformes comprises three major clades: Lari and Scolopaci as sister group to Charadrii. Until now, only three Charadriiformes species have been studied by chromosome painting: Larus argentatus (Lari), Burhinus oedicnemus and Vanellus chilensis (Charadrii). Hence, there is a lack of information concerning the third clade, Scolapaci. Based on this, and to gain a better understanding of karyotype evolution in the order Charadriiformes, we applied conventional and molecular cytogenetic approaches in a species belonging to clade Scolopaci - the wattled jacana (Jacana jacana) - using Gallus gallus and Zenaida auriculata chromosome-specific probes. Cross-species evaluation of J. jacana chromosomes shows extensive genomic reshuffling within macrochromosomes during evolution, with multiple fission and fusion events, although the diploid number remains at high level (2n=82). Interestingly, this species does not have the GGA7-8 fusion, which was found in two representatives of Charadrii clade, reinforcing the idea that this fusion may be exclusive to the Charadrii clade. In addition, it is shown that the chromosome evolution in Charadriiformes is complex and resulted in species with typical and atypical karyotypes. The karyotypic features of Scolopaci are very different from those of Charadrii and Lari, indicating that after divergence, each suborder has undergone different chromosome rearrangements.

Nós estudamos a ecologia populacional do roedor subterrâneo sul-americano Ctenomys flamarioni na Estação Ecológica do Taim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Um programa de captura‑marcação-recaptura foi realizado em dois períodos diferentes: (A) de fevereiro de 2004 a novembro de 2005 e (B) de dezembro de 2011 a março de 2013. Como resultado, um total de 131 indivíduos foram marcados. Alguns parâmetros populacionais permaneceram constantes (densidade populacional média, taxa de sobrevivência), enquanto outros flutuaram (razão sexual, tamanho estimado da população, recrutamento e mortalidade). O segundo período de amostragem apresentou maior tamanho populacional estimado e mortalidade, por outro lado mostrou menor valor de recrutamento em relação ao primeiro período. A razão sexual não diferiu significativamente de 1:1 no período A, mas mostrou um desvio significativo de 1:1 no período B, com um maior número de fêmeas capturadas. As populações de Ctenomys flamarioni parecem ser substancialmente influenciadas por fatores ambientais locais; a densidade foi positivamente associada à temperatura e negativamente associada à precipitação. Este é o primeiro relato de variação ao longo do tempo nas taxas de reprodução e população para esta espécie, que está sob-risco crescente de extinção.

We studied the population ecology of the South American subterranean rodent Ctenomys flamarioni at the Taim Ecological Station, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A capture-mark-release program was conducted in two different time periods: (A) from February 2004 to November 2005 and (B) from December 2011 to March 2013; as a result, a total of131 individuals were marked. Some population parameters remained constant (average population density, survival rate), while others fluctuated (sex ratio, estimated population size, recruitment and mortality). The second sampling period had higher estimated population size and mortality and reduced recruitment compared to the first period. Sex ratio did not differ significantly from 1:1 in period A, but showed a significant departure from 1:1 in period B, with a greater number of females captured. Ctenomys flamarioni populations seem to be substantially influenced by local environmental factors; density was positively associated with temperature and negatively associated with precipitation. This is the first report of variation through time in reproduction and population rates for this species, which is under increasing risk of extinction.

Abstract Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells distributed in all tissues and characterized by adherence, morphology, immunophenotype and trilineage differentiation potential. The present study aimed to isolate and characterize adherent MSC-like populations from different tissues of Ctenomys minutus, a threatened wildlife rodent popularly known as tuco-tuco. Adherent cells were isolated from bone marrow, brain, liver, pancreas and adipose tissue of three adult animals collect in southern Brazil. Cultures showed typical morphology and proliferation potential. Adipose-derived MSCs showed trilineage potential. Cultures derived from adipose tissue, bone marrow and brain were immunophenotyped with negative results for CD31, CD44, CD45, CD106, and MHC class II, as well as strong positive results for CD29. Low fluorescence levels were seen for CD49d, CD90.2 and CD117. Cultures were negative for CD49e, except for brain-derived cultures that were weakly positive. CD11b was negative in adipose-derived MSCs, but positive in brain and bone marrow-derived cultures. The scratch assay showed high migration potential for pancreas and adipose tissue-derived cells. This study represents the first report of isolation and characterization of cultures having characteristics of MSCs from Ctenomys minutus. The collection of biological information for biobanks represents an important contribution to the creation of strategies for prevention of loss of genetic diversity.

Abstract Zonotrichia capensis is widely distributed in the Neotropics. Previous cytogenetic studies demonstrated the presence of polymorphisms in two chromosome pairs (ZCA2 and ZCA4). Here, we report results based on comparative chromosome painting, using probes derived from Gallus gallus and Leucopternis albicollis, focused on characterizing the chromosome organization of Z. capensis. Our results demonstrate the conservation of ancestral syntenies as observed previously in other species of passerine. Syntenies were rearranged by a series of inversions in the second chromosome as described in other Passeriformes, but in this species, by using probes derived from L. albicollis we observed an extra inversion in the second chromosome that had not previously been reported. We also report a paracentric inversion in pair 3; this chromosome corresponds to the second chromosome in Zonotrichia albicollis and may indicate the presence of ancestral inversions in the genus. The chromosomal inversions we found might be important for understanding the phenotypic variation that exists throughout the distribution of Z. capensis.

Abstract An extensive karyotype variation is found among species belonging to the Columbidae family of birds (Columbiformes), both in diploid number and chromosomal morphology. Although clusters of repetitive DNA sequences play an important role in chromosomal instability, and therefore in chromosomal rearrangements, little is known about their distribution and amount in avian genomes. The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of 11 distinct microsatellite sequences, as well as clusters of 18S rDNA, in nine different Columbidae species, correlating their distribution with the occurrence of chromosomal rearrangements. We found 2n values ranging from 76 to 86 and nine out of 11 microsatellite sequences showed distinct hybridization signals among the analyzed species. The accumulation of microsatellite repeats was found preferentially in the centromeric region of macro and microchromosomes, and in the W chromosome. Additionally, pair 2 showed the accumulation of several microsatellites in different combinations and locations in the distinct species, suggesting the occurrence of intrachromosomal rearrangements, as well as a possible fission of this pair in Geotrygon species. Therefore, although birds have a smaller amount of repetitive sequences when compared to other Tetrapoda, these seem to play an important role in the karyotype evolution of these species.

Abstract We tested the association between chromosomal polymorphism and skull shape and size variation in two groups of the subterranean rodent Ctenomys. The hypothesis is based on the premise that chromosomal rearrangements in small populations, as it occurs in Ctenomys, produce reproductive isolation and allow the independent diversification of populations. The mendocinus group has species with low chromosomal diploid number variation (2n=46-48), while species from the torquatus group have a higher karyotype variation (2n=42-70). We analyzed the shape and size variation of skull and mandible by a geometric morphometric approach, with univariate and multivariate statistical analysis in 12 species from mendocinus and torquatus groups of the genus Ctenomys. We used 763 adult skulls in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, and 515 mandibles in lateral view and 93 landmarks in four views. Although we expected more phenotypic variation in the torquatus than the mendocinus group, our results rejected the hypothesis of an association between chromosomal polymorphism and skull shape and size variation. Moreover, the torquatus group did not show more variation than mendocinus. Habitat heterogeneity associated to biomechanical constraints and other factors like geography, phylogeny, and demography, may affect skull morphological evolution in Ctenomys.

Abstract Domestic turkeys present several color phenotypes controlled by at least five genetic loci, but only one of these has been identified precisely: the bronze locus, which turned out to be the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene. MC1R variation is important for breeders interested in maintaining or developing different color varieties. In this study, we sequenced most of the MC1R gene from 16 White Holland (the main commercial turkey variety) and 19 pigmented turkeys from southern Brazil with two purposes. The first was to describe the MC1R diversity in White Holland turkeys, which may serve as reservoirs of genetic diversity at this locus. The second was to test whether the traditional color classification used by Brazilian breeders is related to previously known MC1R alleles. White Holland turkeys had four different haplotypes corresponding to the bronze (b+) and black-winged bronze (b1) alleles. Pigmented turkeys also had four haplotypes corresponding to the b+ and b1 alleles, but different haplotypes represent the most common b+ allele in these two groups. The black (B) allele was absent from our samples. Overall, our results suggest that white and pigmented individuals form two different populations, and that the traditional color classification used by Brazilian breeders cannot accurately predict the genotypes at the bronze locus.

Abstract To investigate the evolution and biogeography of an endemic group of South American foxes, we examined mitochondrial DNA control region sequences for 118 individuals belonging to all six extant species of the genus Lycalopex. Phylogenetic and molecular dating analyses supported the inference that this genus has undergone a very recent and rapid radiation, stemming from a common ancestor that lived ca. 1 million years ago. The Brazilian endemic L. vetulus was supported as the most basal species in this genus, whereas the most internal group is comprised by the recently diverged (ca. 350,000 years ago) Andean/Patagonian species L. griseus and L. culpaeus. We discuss the inferred phylogenetic relationships and divergence times in the context of the current geographic distributions of these species, and the likely effects of Pleistocene climatic changes on the biogeography of this group. Furthermore, a remarkable finding was the identification of multiple individuals classified as L. gymnocercus bearing mtDNA haplotypes clearly belonging to L. griseus, sampled in regions where the latter is not known to occur. At a minimum, this result implies the need to clarify the present-day geographic distribution of each of these fox species, while it may also indicate an ongoing hybridization process between them. Future testing of this hypothesis with in-depth analyses of these populations is thus a priority for understanding the history, evolutionary dynamics and present-day composition of this endemic Neotropical genus.

RESUMO A variação geográfica no tamanho e forma do crânio do rato-do-pântano Scapteromys tumidus foi examinada em amostras de oito clusters geográficos, abrangendo a maior parte da distribuição no sul do Brasil e no Uruguai, usamos dois métodos de geometria morfométrica bidimensional para as vistas dorsal, ventral e lateral do crânio. Os descritores geométricos não mostraram diferenças significativas no tamanho do crânio entre os clusters geográficos, enquanto que as diferenças na forma foram altamente significativas. Encontramos correlação significativa e moderada entre distâncias geográficas e morfológicas, corroborando o modelo de isolamento-por-distância. Amostras da planície costeira central do Rio Grande do Sul foram as mais diferenciadas, segregando completamente de todas as outras amostras na análise de variáveis canônicas para a vista dorsal. As regiões visivelmente mais variáveis no crânio foram o arco zigomático (principalmente a raiz esquamosal do zigomático) e as bordas laterais da caixa craniana. Uma vez que a correlação entre as distâncias geográfica e morfológica não foi alta, é possível que outros fatores (heterogeneidade ambiental e/ou barreiras geográficas) venham atuando na diferenciação do crânio de S. tumidus.

ABSTRACT The geographic variation in skull size and shape of the swamp rat Scapteromys tumidus was examined in samples from eight geographic clusters in almost of its distribution in southern Brazil and Uruguay. For analysis we used two-dimensional geometric morphometric methods for dorsal, ventral and lateral views of the skull. The geometric descriptors showed no significant differences in skull size between geographic clusters, while differences in shape were highly significant. We found a significant and moderate correlation between geographic and morphological distances, corroborating the isolation-by-distance model. Samples from the Rio Grande do Sul central coastal plain were the most differentiated, segregating completely from all other samples in canonical variate analysis for the dorsal view. The most visible variable regions in skull were the zygomatic arch (mainly the squamosal root of zygomatic) and the lateral braincase borders. Once correlation between geographic and morphological distances were not strong, it is possible that other factors (environmental heterogeneity and/or geographic barriers) may are acting in S. tumidus skull differentiation.

The puma is an iconic predator that ranges throughout the Americas, occupying diverse habitats. Previous phylogeographic analyses have revealed that it exhibits moderate levels of genetic structure across its range, with few of the classically recognized subspecies being supported as distinct demographic units. Moreover, most of the species' molecular diversity was found to be in South America. To further investigate the phylogeographic structure and demographic history of pumas we analyzed mtDNA sequences from 186 individuals sampled throughout their range, with emphasis on South America. Our objectives were to refine the phylogeographic assessment within South America and to investigate the demographic history of pumas using a coalescent approach. Our results extend previous phylogeographic findings, reassessing the delimitation of historical population units in South America and demonstrating that this species experienced a considerable demographic expansion in the Holocene, ca. 8,000 years ago. Our analyses indicate that this expansion occurred in South America, prior to the hypothesized re-colonization of North America, which was therefore inferred to be even more recent. The estimated demographic history supports the interpretation that pumas suffered a severe demographic decline in the Late Pleistocene throughout their distribution, followed by population expansion and re-colonization of the range, initiating from South America.

Entre janeiro de 2007 e dezembro de 2010 a abundância de mamíferos de médio porte foi estudada, com especial ênfase no zorrilho Conepatus chinga (Molina, 1782) em quatro locais no sul do Brasil. Neste estudo, foi utilizada a metodologia de transectos lineares de forma a obter dados para análises de densidade com uso do software Distance. Os transectos foram percorridos de carro, à noite, procurando por animais na periferia de estradas secundárias, com o uso de holofotes de longo alcance. Em 1.811 km percorridos, foram obtidos 620 registros de 20 espécies de mamíferos. A espécie mais comum foi a lebre européia Lepus europaeus (Pallas, 1778), para a qual, em uma das áreas estudadas, foi obtida a maior estimativa de abundância já registrada para a América do Sul, com uma densidade estimada de 32 indivíduos por km². Carnivora foi a ordem mais comumente registrada, representada por 10 espécies que, juntas, compreenderam 51% de todas as visualizações. O zorrilho ocorreu em todas as áreas estudadas, embora só tenha sido registrado em número suficiente para a obtenção de estimativas de densidade em duas destas áreas. A densidade do zorrilho foi estimada em 1,4 a 3,8 indivíduos por km², sendo esta a primeira estimativa por transectos lineares do gênero Conepatus na região Neotropical. Estes valores são similares aos observados para mefitídeos norte-americanos. No Brasil, C. chinga é aparentemente mais abundante no Pampa do que nos campos de altitude da Mata Atlântica. Para outras duas espécies, Lycalopex gymnocercus (Fisher, 1814) e Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus, 1766), foram feitas estimativas preliminares de densidade que apontaram valores semelhantes aos de outras regiões de ocorrência das espécies.

Between January 2007 and December 2010, the abundance of medium-sized mammals was studied, with special focus on the Molina's hog-nosed skunk, Conepatus chinga (Molina, 1782), at four locations in southern Brazil. In this study, transect line methodology was used to obtain data for Distance Analyses. Transects were traveled by car at night, searching with spotlights along the edges of secondary roads in agricultural landscapes. Along 1,811 km, we obtained 620 observations of 20 mammal species. The most common species was the exotic European hare, Lepus europaeus (Pallas, 1778); the highest abundance estimated for South America was observed in one of the study areas, where its density was estimated as 32 individuals/km². Carnivores were the most commonly recorded mammals, represented by 10 species and comprising 51% of all observations. Molina's hog-nosed skunk occurred in all study areas, but occurred in sufficient numbers to obtain density estimates in only two of the areas. We estimated 1.4 to 3.8 individuals/km², in the first density estimate made by the transect method for a member of Conepatus in the Neotropics. These values are similar to those estimated for North American species of Mephitidae. In Brazil, C. chinga is apparently more abundant in the Pampa biome than in the grasslands of the Atlantic Forest. For two other carnivores, Lycalopex gymnocercus (Fisher, 1814) and Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus, 1766), we estimated preliminary densities that were similar to those previously cited for different regions.

We describe variation at microsatellite loci and the chromosomal polymorphisms of a hybrid population, and hybridizing populations of Ctenomys minutus (the minor tuco-tuco) from the coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Cytogenetic analysis and a survey of six microsatellite loci included 101 specimens of C. minutus from the parental populations (2n/AN = 42/74 and 48a/76) and their contact zone. Cytogenetic analysis recorded 26 different karyotypes exhibited by 50 individuals from the hybrid population. Of the 26 karyotypes, only 14% presented a parental-like configuration, and none had the combinations of 2n and AN expected for an F1 hybrid. The remaining karyotypes were alternative hybrid forms, with 2n varying from 42 to 46 and AN from 68 to 80. These results suggest chromosomal rearrangements are only of minor significance in the establishment of reproductive barriers for this species.